Cognitive Levels in TOEFL iBT Reading: A Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy Approach

Romadhon Romadhon — Wed, 04 Dec 2024 04:10:20 +0000

This study aims to analyze the cognitive demands of the TOEFL iBT reading section utilizing the application of Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy. 80 reading comprehension questions from four practice tests were categorized into cognitive levels, ranging from lower-order thinking skills (LOTS) to higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). The findings reveal a predominant focus on LOTS, with Understanding and Remembering constituting 53.75% and 16.25% of the questions, respectively. In contrast, HOTS, such as Analyzing and Evaluating, account for only 30% of the total questions, while the Creating level is absent. The absence of Creating in the reading section reflects the test’s design, which prioritizes objective and time-efficient assessment methods, such as multiple-choice questions. Tasks that require creative responses are more time-consuming and subject to subjective evaluation, making them less feasible in standardized testing environments. The study concludes that while the TOEFL iBT reading section effectively measures foundational reading skills, it may not fully capture the higher-order cognitive processes essential for academic success. Expanding the assessment to include more HOTS and exploring methods to incorporate Creating tasks could provide a more comprehensive evaluation of students' academic readiness.

Rational Choice in Abortion: A Case Study of Urban Children

Yuniar Galuh Larasati, Henky Fernando, Leanne Morin — Tue, 17 Dec 2024 02:35:05 +0000

Abortion by children is not only an impulsive act but also a rational choice, which is crucial to explain and evaluate. However, this phenomenon has been overlooked in previous scholarly discussions. In addition, responding to the gaps in previous studies, this study aims to explain the forms, factors, and implications of abortion by children in urban areas as a rational choice. Using a qualitative descriptive approach based on case studies, this study reveals three important findings. First, the practice of abortion by children in urban areas is carried out in various ways, both medical and non-medical. Second, abortions performed by children in urban areas are often influenced by social pressures such as their partners, parents, and the community. Third, abortion among children in urban areas has long-lasting implications for their physical, mental, and social well-being. Based on these findings, this study also recommends the importance of future studies that conduct intensive interviews to reveal the motives and modes of children in having more reflective abortions.

International Journal of Business, Humanities, Education and Social Sciences (IJBHES)

Cognitive Levels in TOEFL iBT Reading: A Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy Approach

Rational Choice in Abortion: A Case Study of Urban Children